Sexual selection promotes colonial breeding in shell-brooding cichlid fish

" Colonial species breed in densely aggregated territories containing no resources other than nest sites. This behaviour is usually explained by natural selection, for instance through benefits resulting from reduced predation risk. An alternative hypothesis suggests that, as in lek breeding systems, sexual selection may be responsible for the aggregation of competitors, driven by an increased potential for female mate choice among closely assembled males. Lamprologus callipterus, a shell-brooding cichlid fish of Lake Tanganyika, provides an ideal test case for the utility of lek evolution models to explain colonial breeding, because breeding territories are established by males before pairing. Large males collect and defend empty snail shells that are then chosen by females for breeding. We checked for a potential influence of sexual selection on colonial breeding in L. callipterus by testing predictions of the hot-shot and female preference hypotheses of lek mating models. In the field, we found that territories of larger males were more centrally located and that females preferred to breed with males surrounded by many neighbours, two findings that are consistent with lek mating models. Female preference suggests that sexual selection affects colonial breeding in L. callipterus, which implies an influence of sexual selection on the evolution of colonial breeding at large "